Addressing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Decontamination: Methylene Blue and Light Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on N95 Respirators and Masks with Maintenance of Integrity and Fit

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in critical personal protective equipment (PPE) shortages, especially filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs, also known as N95 respirators) and medical masks (MMs). N95 FFRs are respiratory protective devices which are designed to filter at least 95% of airborne particles. A MM is a medical device covering the mouth, nose and chin ensuring a barrier that limits exposure of an infective agent between healthcare personnel (HCP) and the patient. MMs are used by HCPs to prevent large respiratory droplets and bodily fluid splashes from reaching the mouth and the nose of the wearer and help reduce and/or control at the source the spread of large respiratory droplets from the person wearing the mask. MMs include surgical and procedure masks and are not considered respiratory protective devices. N95 FFRs tightly fit the face while MMs are designed as loose-fitting devices.

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Author(s)

  • Thomas S. Lendvay, Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Washington, USA
  • James Chen, Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Washington, USA

Collaborator(s)

  • Brian H. Harcourt, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
  • Florine E.M. Scholte, Department of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Immunology, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
  • F. Selcen Kilinc-Balci, National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (NPPTL), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
  • Ying Ling Lin, World Health Organization
  • Molly M. Lamb, Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
  • Larry F. Chu, The AIM Lab, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California USA
  • Amy Price, The AIM Lab, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California USA
  • David Evans, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
  • Yi-Chan Lin, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
  • Christopher N. Mores, Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
  • Jaya Sahni, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington USA
  • Kareem B. Kabra, Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
  • Eric Haubruge, Gembloux AgroBioTech, Terra Research Center, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
  • Etienne Thiry, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
  • Belinda Heyne, Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
  • Jan Laperre, Centexbel, Grace-Hollogne, Belgium
  • Sarah Simmons, W21C Research and Innovation Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
  • Jan M. Davies, W21C Research and Innovation Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
  • Yi Cui, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
  • Thor Wagner, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington USA
  • Tanner Clark, Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Washington, USA
  • Sarah J. Smit, Nelson Laboratories, LLC, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
  • Rod Parker, Stryker, Quebec, Canada
  • Thomas Gallagher, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
  • Emily Timm, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
  • Louisa F. Ludwig-Begall, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
  • Nicolas Macia, Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
  • Cyrus Mackie, Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
  • Karen Hope, Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada
  • Ken Page, Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada
  • Susan Reader, Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada
  • Peter Faris, Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada
  • Olivier Jolois, Centexbel, Grace-Hollogne, Belgium
  • Alpa Patel, Nelson Laboratories, LLC, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
  • Jean-Luc Lemyre, Stryker, Quebec, Canada
  • Vanessa Molloy-Simard, Stryker, Quebec, Canada
  • Kamonthip Homdayjanakul, Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
  • Sarah R. Tritsch, Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
  • Constance Wielick, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
  • Mark Mayo, British Standards Institution, London, United Kingdom
  • Rebecca Malott, W21C Research and Innovation Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
  • Jean-Francois Willaert, Gembloux AgroBioTech, Terra Research Center, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
  • Hans Nauwynck, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
  • Lorène Dams, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
  • Simon De Jaeger, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
  • Lei Liao, 4CAir, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, USA
  • Mervin Zhao, 4CAir, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, USA
  • Steven Chu, Department of Physics, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
  • John M. Conly, W21C Research and Innovation Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada
  • May C. Chu, Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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